reth_rpc_eth_api/helpers/

estimate.rs

//! Estimate gas needed implementation

use super::{Call, LoadPendingBlock};
use crate::{AsEthApiError, FromEthApiError, IntoEthApiError};
use alloy_primitives::U256;
use alloy_rpc_types_eth::{state::StateOverride, transaction::TransactionRequest, BlockId};
use futures::Future;
use reth_chainspec::MIN_TRANSACTION_GAS;
use reth_provider::StateProvider;
use reth_revm::{
    database::StateProviderDatabase,
    db::CacheDB,
    primitives::{BlockEnv, CfgEnvWithHandlerCfg, ExecutionResult, HaltReason, TransactTo},
};
use reth_rpc_eth_types::{
    revm_utils::{apply_state_overrides, caller_gas_allowance},
    EthApiError, RevertError, RpcInvalidTransactionError,
};
use reth_rpc_server_types::constants::gas_oracle::{CALL_STIPEND_GAS, ESTIMATE_GAS_ERROR_RATIO};
use revm_primitives::{db::Database, EnvWithHandlerCfg};
use tracing::trace;

/// Gas execution estimates
pub trait EstimateCall: Call {
    /// Estimates the gas usage of the `request` with the state.
    ///
    /// This will execute the [`TransactionRequest`] and find the best gas limit via binary search.
    ///
    /// ## EVM settings
    ///
    /// This modifies certain EVM settings to mirror geth's `SkipAccountChecks` when transacting requests, see also: <https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/blob/380688c636a654becc8f114438c2a5d93d2db032/core/state_transition.go#L145-L148>:
    ///
    ///  - `disable_eip3607` is set to `true`
    ///  - `disable_base_fee` is set to `true`
    ///  - `nonce` is set to `None`
    fn estimate_gas_with<S>(
        &self,
        mut cfg: CfgEnvWithHandlerCfg,
        block: BlockEnv,
        mut request: TransactionRequest,
        state: S,
        state_override: Option<StateOverride>,
    ) -> Result<U256, Self::Error>
    where
        S: StateProvider,
    {
        // Disabled because eth_estimateGas is sometimes used with eoa senders
        // See <https://github.com/paradigmxyz/reth/issues/1959>
        cfg.disable_eip3607 = true;

        // The basefee should be ignored for eth_estimateGas and similar
        // See:
        // <https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/blob/ee8e83fa5f6cb261dad2ed0a7bbcde4930c41e6c/internal/ethapi/api.go#L985>
        cfg.disable_base_fee = true;

        // set nonce to None so that the correct nonce is chosen by the EVM
        request.nonce = None;

        // Keep a copy of gas related request values
        let tx_request_gas_limit = request.gas.map(U256::from);
        let tx_request_gas_price = request.gas_price;
        // the gas limit of the corresponding block
        let block_env_gas_limit = block.gas_limit;

        // Determine the highest possible gas limit, considering both the request's specified limit
        // and the block's limit.
        let mut highest_gas_limit = tx_request_gas_limit
            .map(|mut tx_gas_limit| {
                if block_env_gas_limit < tx_gas_limit {
                    // requested gas limit is higher than the allowed gas limit, capping
                    tx_gas_limit = block_env_gas_limit;
                }
                tx_gas_limit
            })
            .unwrap_or(block_env_gas_limit);

        // Configure the evm env
        let mut env = self.build_call_evm_env(cfg, block, request)?;
        let mut db = CacheDB::new(StateProviderDatabase::new(state));

        // Apply any state overrides if specified.
        if let Some(state_override) = state_override {
            apply_state_overrides(state_override, &mut db).map_err(Self::Error::from_eth_err)?;
        }

        // Optimize for simple transfer transactions, potentially reducing the gas estimate.
        if env.tx.data.is_empty() {
            if let TransactTo::Call(to) = env.tx.transact_to {
                if let Ok(code) = db.db.account_code(to) {
                    let no_code_callee = code.map(|code| code.is_empty()).unwrap_or(true);
                    if no_code_callee {
                        // If the tx is a simple transfer (call to an account with no code) we can
                        // shortcircuit. But simply returning
                        // `MIN_TRANSACTION_GAS` is dangerous because there might be additional
                        // field combos that bump the price up, so we try executing the function
                        // with the minimum gas limit to make sure.
                        let mut env = env.clone();
                        env.tx.gas_limit = MIN_TRANSACTION_GAS;
                        if let Ok((res, _)) = self.transact(&mut db, env) {
                            if res.result.is_success() {
                                return Ok(U256::from(MIN_TRANSACTION_GAS))
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        // Check funds of the sender (only useful to check if transaction gas price is more than 0).
        //
        // The caller allowance is check by doing `(account.balance - tx.value) / tx.gas_price`
        if env.tx.gas_price > U256::ZERO {
            // cap the highest gas limit by max gas caller can afford with given gas price
            highest_gas_limit = highest_gas_limit
                .min(caller_gas_allowance(&mut db, &env.tx).map_err(Self::Error::from_eth_err)?);
        }

        // We can now normalize the highest gas limit to a u64
        let mut highest_gas_limit = highest_gas_limit.saturating_to::<u64>();

        // If the provided gas limit is less than computed cap, use that
        env.tx.gas_limit = env.tx.gas_limit.min(highest_gas_limit);

        // Execute the transaction with the highest possible gas limit.
        let (mut res, mut env) = match self.transact(&mut db, env.clone()) {
            // Handle the exceptional case where the transaction initialization uses too much gas.
            // If the gas price or gas limit was specified in the request, retry the transaction
            // with the block's gas limit to determine if the failure was due to
            // insufficient gas.
            Err(err)
                if err.is_gas_too_high() &&
                    (tx_request_gas_limit.is_some() || tx_request_gas_price.is_some()) =>
            {
                return Err(self.map_out_of_gas_err(block_env_gas_limit, env, &mut db))
            }
            // Propagate other results (successful or other errors).
            ethres => ethres?,
        };

        let gas_refund = match res.result {
            ExecutionResult::Success { gas_refunded, .. } => gas_refunded,
            ExecutionResult::Halt { reason, gas_used } => {
                // here we don't check for invalid opcode because already executed with highest gas
                // limit
                return Err(RpcInvalidTransactionError::halt(reason, gas_used).into_eth_err())
            }
            ExecutionResult::Revert { output, .. } => {
                // if price or limit was included in the request then we can execute the request
                // again with the block's gas limit to check if revert is gas related or not
                return if tx_request_gas_limit.is_some() || tx_request_gas_price.is_some() {
                    Err(self.map_out_of_gas_err(block_env_gas_limit, env, &mut db))
                } else {
                    // the transaction did revert
                    Err(RpcInvalidTransactionError::Revert(RevertError::new(output)).into_eth_err())
                }
            }
        };

        // At this point we know the call succeeded but want to find the _best_ (lowest) gas the
        // transaction succeeds with. We find this by doing a binary search over the possible range.

        // we know the tx succeeded with the configured gas limit, so we can use that as the
        // highest, in case we applied a gas cap due to caller allowance above
        highest_gas_limit = env.tx.gas_limit;

        // NOTE: this is the gas the transaction used, which is less than the
        // transaction requires to succeed.
        let mut gas_used = res.result.gas_used();
        // the lowest value is capped by the gas used by the unconstrained transaction
        let mut lowest_gas_limit = gas_used.saturating_sub(1);

        // As stated in Geth, there is a good chance that the transaction will pass if we set the
        // gas limit to the execution gas used plus the gas refund, so we check this first
        // <https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/blob/a5a4fa7032bb248f5a7c40f4e8df2b131c4186a4/eth/gasestimator/gasestimator.go#L135
        //
        // Calculate the optimistic gas limit by adding gas used and gas refund,
        // then applying a 64/63 multiplier to account for gas forwarding rules.
        let optimistic_gas_limit = (gas_used + gas_refund + CALL_STIPEND_GAS) * 64 / 63;
        if optimistic_gas_limit < highest_gas_limit {
            // Set the transaction's gas limit to the calculated optimistic gas limit.
            env.tx.gas_limit = optimistic_gas_limit;
            // Re-execute the transaction with the new gas limit and update the result and
            // environment.
            (res, env) = self.transact(&mut db, env)?;
            // Update the gas used based on the new result.
            gas_used = res.result.gas_used();
            // Update the gas limit estimates (highest and lowest) based on the execution result.
            update_estimated_gas_range(
                res.result,
                optimistic_gas_limit,
                &mut highest_gas_limit,
                &mut lowest_gas_limit,
            )?;
        };

        // Pick a point that's close to the estimated gas
        let mut mid_gas_limit = std::cmp::min(
            gas_used * 3,
            ((highest_gas_limit as u128 + lowest_gas_limit as u128) / 2) as u64,
        );

        trace!(target: "rpc::eth::estimate", ?env, ?highest_gas_limit, ?lowest_gas_limit, ?mid_gas_limit, "Starting binary search for gas");

        // Binary search narrows the range to find the minimum gas limit needed for the transaction
        // to succeed.
        while (highest_gas_limit - lowest_gas_limit) > 1 {
            // An estimation error is allowed once the current gas limit range used in the binary
            // search is small enough (less than 1.5% of the highest gas limit)
            // <https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/blob/a5a4fa7032bb248f5a7c40f4e8df2b131c4186a4/eth/gasestimator/gasestimator.go#L152
            if (highest_gas_limit - lowest_gas_limit) as f64 / (highest_gas_limit as f64) <
                ESTIMATE_GAS_ERROR_RATIO
            {
                break
            };

            env.tx.gas_limit = mid_gas_limit;

            // Execute transaction and handle potential gas errors, adjusting limits accordingly.
            match self.transact(&mut db, env.clone()) {
                Err(err) if err.is_gas_too_high() => {
                    // Decrease the highest gas limit if gas is too high
                    highest_gas_limit = mid_gas_limit;
                }
                Err(err) if err.is_gas_too_low() => {
                    // Increase the lowest gas limit if gas is too low
                    lowest_gas_limit = mid_gas_limit;
                }
                // Handle other cases, including successful transactions.
                ethres => {
                    // Unpack the result and environment if the transaction was successful.
                    (res, env) = ethres?;
                    // Update the estimated gas range based on the transaction result.
                    update_estimated_gas_range(
                        res.result,
                        mid_gas_limit,
                        &mut highest_gas_limit,
                        &mut lowest_gas_limit,
                    )?;
                }
            }

            // New midpoint
            mid_gas_limit = ((highest_gas_limit as u128 + lowest_gas_limit as u128) / 2) as u64;
        }

        Ok(U256::from(highest_gas_limit))
    }

    /// Estimate gas needed for execution of the `request` at the [`BlockId`].
    fn estimate_gas_at(
        &self,
        request: TransactionRequest,
        at: BlockId,
        state_override: Option<StateOverride>,
    ) -> impl Future<Output = Result<U256, Self::Error>> + Send
    where
        Self: LoadPendingBlock,
    {
        async move {
            let (cfg, block_env, at) = self.evm_env_at(at).await?;

            self.spawn_blocking_io(move |this| {
                let state = this.state_at_block_id(at)?;
                EstimateCall::estimate_gas_with(
                    &this,
                    cfg,
                    block_env,
                    request,
                    state,
                    state_override,
                )
            })
            .await
        }
    }

    /// Executes the requests again after an out of gas error to check if the error is gas related
    /// or not
    #[inline]
    fn map_out_of_gas_err<DB>(
        &self,
        env_gas_limit: U256,
        mut env: EnvWithHandlerCfg,
        db: &mut DB,
    ) -> Self::Error
    where
        DB: Database,
        EthApiError: From<DB::Error>,
    {
        let req_gas_limit = env.tx.gas_limit;
        env.tx.gas_limit = env_gas_limit.try_into().unwrap_or(u64::MAX);
        let (res, _) = match self.transact(db, env) {
            Ok(res) => res,
            Err(err) => return err,
        };
        match res.result {
            ExecutionResult::Success { .. } => {
                // transaction succeeded by manually increasing the gas limit to
                // highest, which means the caller lacks funds to pay for the tx
                RpcInvalidTransactionError::BasicOutOfGas(req_gas_limit).into_eth_err()
            }
            ExecutionResult::Revert { output, .. } => {
                // reverted again after bumping the limit
                RpcInvalidTransactionError::Revert(RevertError::new(output)).into_eth_err()
            }
            ExecutionResult::Halt { reason, .. } => {
                RpcInvalidTransactionError::EvmHalt(reason).into_eth_err()
            }
        }
    }
}

/// Updates the highest and lowest gas limits for binary search based on the execution result.
///
/// This function refines the gas limit estimates used in a binary search to find the optimal
/// gas limit for a transaction. It adjusts the highest or lowest gas limits depending on
/// whether the execution succeeded, reverted, or halted due to specific reasons.
#[inline]
pub fn update_estimated_gas_range(
    result: ExecutionResult,
    tx_gas_limit: u64,
    highest_gas_limit: &mut u64,
    lowest_gas_limit: &mut u64,
) -> Result<(), EthApiError> {
    match result {
        ExecutionResult::Success { .. } => {
            // Cap the highest gas limit with the succeeding gas limit.
            *highest_gas_limit = tx_gas_limit;
        }
        ExecutionResult::Revert { .. } => {
            // Increase the lowest gas limit.
            *lowest_gas_limit = tx_gas_limit;
        }
        ExecutionResult::Halt { reason, .. } => {
            match reason {
                HaltReason::OutOfGas(_) | HaltReason::InvalidFEOpcode => {
                    // Both `OutOfGas` and `InvalidEFOpcode` can occur dynamically if the gas
                    // left is too low. Treat this as an out of gas
                    // condition, knowing that the call succeeds with a
                    // higher gas limit.
                    //
                    // Common usage of invalid opcode in OpenZeppelin:
                    // <https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-contracts/blob/94697be8a3f0dfcd95dfb13ffbd39b5973f5c65d/contracts/metatx/ERC2771Forwarder.sol#L360-L367>

                    // Increase the lowest gas limit.
                    *lowest_gas_limit = tx_gas_limit;
                }
                err => {
                    // These cases should be unreachable because we know the transaction
                    // succeeds, but if they occur, treat them as an
                    // error.
                    return Err(RpcInvalidTransactionError::EvmHalt(err).into_eth_err())
                }
            }
        }
    };

    Ok(())
}